Spermatophores
Reviews of the occurrence of spermatophores in phasmids (Bragg, 1991a; Carlberg, 1981) and subsequent records (Bragg, 1991b, 1992, 2001) provide strong evidence that this is the normal mechanism for sperm transfer in the order. Spermatophores have been found in 21 species, five families, and nine subfamilies (see table below). Seven of these records are based on my Bornean material; one is also a Bornean species, Phyllium bioculatum, although the spermatophore was recorded from non-Bornean material. All records of spermatophores have been made in captive specimens.
The photograph below shows a spermatophore of Aretaon asperrimus (Redtenbacher, 1908). The spermatophore can be see as a white sphere in the end of the female's abdomen.
Below is the same spermatophore after I removed it from the female's abdomen.
| Family | Subfamily | Species |
| Bacillidae | Bacillinae |
Bacillus rossius (Rossi) |
|
Phalces longiscarphus (de Haan) |
||
| Heteropterygidae | Heteropteryginae |
Haaniella grayii (Westwood) |
|
|
|
Haaniella muelleri (de Haan) |
|
|
|
Haaniella saussurei Kirby |
|
|
|
Aretaon asperrimus (Redtenbacher) |
| Diapheromeridae | Lonchodinae |
Lonchodes jejunus (Kirby) |
|
|
|
Menexenus nudiusculus Hausleithner |
|
|
|
Rhamphosipyloidea gorkomi (Hausleithner) |
|
|
|
Phenacephorus auriculatus (Brunner) |
|
|
|
Phenacephorus cornucervi Brunner |
| Necrosciinae | Diesbachia hellotis (Westwood) | |
| Phasmatidae | Bacteriinae |
Lamponius guerini (Saussure) |
|
|
Phasmatinae | Acrophylla wuelfingi (Redtenbacher) |
| Anchiale maculata (Olivier) | ||
| Medauroidea extradentatus (Brunner) | ||
|
|
Ramulus sp. [Carlberg's sp. 1.] | |
| Clitarchus hookeri (White) | ||
|
|
Tropidoderinae | Extatosoma tiaratum (Macleay) |
| Phyllidae | Phylliinae |
Phyllium bioculatum Gray |
| Timematidae | Timematinae |
Timema californica (Scudder) |
References
Bragg, P.E. (1991a) Spermatophores in Phasmida. Entomologist, 110(2): 76‑80.
Bragg, P.E. (1991b) More spermatophores in Phasmida. Phasmid Study Group Newsletter, 48:8.
Bragg, P.E. (1992) More spermatophores produced by Lonchodinae. Phasmid Studies, 1(2): 25.
Bragg, P.E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications Borneo, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
Carlberg, U. (1981) Spermatophores of Baculum extradentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl) and other Phasmida. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 117: 125‑127.
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SpeciesFile 28/09/2009: Acrophylla; Acrophylla wuelfingi; Anchiale; Anchiale maculata; Aretaon; Aretaon asperrimus; Bacillidae; Bacillinae; Bacillus; Bacillus rossius; Baculum; Clitarchus; Clitarchus hookeri; Diapheromeridae; Diesbachia; Diesbachia hellotis; Extatosoma; Extatosoma tiaratum; Haaniella; Haaniella grayii; Haaniella muelleri; Haaniella saussurei; Heteropterygidae; Heteropteryginae; Lamponius; Lamponius guerini; Lonchodes; Lonchodes jejunus; Lonchodinae; Medauroidea; Menexenus; Menexenus nudiusculus; Necrosciinae; Phalces; Phasmatidae; Phasmatinae; Phasmida; Phenacephorus; Phenacephorus auriculatus; Phenacephorus cornucervi; Phylliinae; Phyllium; Ramulus; Rhamphosipyloidea; Rhamphosipyloidea gorkomi; Timema; Timematidae; Timematinae; Tropidoderinae
Knowledge Base: Phasmid Biology and Behaviour
PSG Publications: Phasmid Studies
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Normal mechanism for sperm
Normal mechanism for sperm transfer in the order, termed as Spermatophores is naive term, but as it is tested on family of many species. It seems to be having some factual points.Electrical Cable Exporters
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